Basic Services

All activities that may be done in the GSM network, such as establishing a voice call, establishing
a data call, sending a short message, etc., are classified as basic services. In order for a subscriber
to use a GSM basic service, she must have a subscription to that service.3 The handling of a basic
2 GSM subscribers may program their MSISDN into the phone; this has, however, no significance for the
network.
3 Exceptions are Tele Service 12 (emergency call establishment) and Tele Service 23 (Cell Broadcast).
Subscribers do not need a subscription to these Tele Services to use them.

service is fully standardized. Hence, a subscriber may use a basic service in any GSM network
she roams to, provided that that basic service is supported in that network. The HLR will send
a list of subscribed basic services to the MSC/VLR, during registration. When a GSM subscriber
initiates a call, the MS supplies the serving MSC with a set of parameters describing the circuit-
switched connection that is requested. These parameters are the bearer capability (BC), low-layer
compatibility (LLC) and high-layer compatibility (HLC), as will be described below. The MSC
uses the BC, LLC and HLC to derive the basic service for this call. The rules for deriving the basic
service from LLC, HLC and BC are specified in GSM TS 09.07 [55]. The MSC then checks whether
the subscriber has a subscription to the requested basic service, i.e. whether the subscription data
in the VLR contains that basic service. If the service is not subscribed to, then the MSC disallows
the call. The basic service is not transported over ISUP.
When a CAMEL service is invoked, the MSC reports the requested basic service to the SCP. The
SCP may use the indication of the requested basic service for call service processing. Examples
include:
• video calls may be charged at a higher rate than speech calls;
• for data calls and fax calls, the CAMEL service shall not play any announcements or tones.
Basic services are divided into two groups: tele services and bearer services.

1.5.1 Tele Services
Table 1.1 provides an overview of the available tele services (TS); see also GSM TS 02.03 [3].

1.5.2 Bearer Services
Table 1.2 provides an overview of the available bearer services (BS). The two bearer service groups
are sub-divided into a variety of bearer services with different characteristics. Refer to GSM

Circuit Bearer Description
Bearer capability, low-layer compatibility and high-layer compatibility are descriptors of a circuit-
switched (CS) connection. When a GSM subscriber initiates a call, the BC, LLC and HLC are
transported from MS to MSC over DTAP. The MSC includes the parameters in the ISUP signal to
the destination. These parameters are also reported to the SCP during CAMEL service invocation.
That enables a CAMEL service to adapt the service logic processing to the type of call. Figure 1.8
shows the relation between LLC, HLC and BC on the DTAP and the corresponding parameters
on ISUP.

Table 1.1 Tele services
Tele service Description Comment
11 Telephony This TS represents the normal speech call
12 Emergency calls The emergency call uses the characteristics of telephony
(TS11), but may be established without subscription
and bypasses various checks in the MS and in the MSC
21 Short message MT This TS relates to receiving an SMS. This TS is not sent
to the MSC/VLR. When an SMS is sent to the
subscriber, the HLR checks whether the destination
subscriber has a subscription to TS 21
22 Short message MO This TS relates to the sending of an SMS
23 Cell broadcast This TS relates to the capability of an SMS that is sent as
a broadcast SMS
61 Alternate speech and fax
group 3
This TS relates to the capability to establish a speech and
fax (group 3) call
62 Automatic fax group 3 This TS relates to the capability to establish a fax (group
3) call
91 Voice group call This TS relates to the capability to participate in a group
call as specified in GSM TS 03.68 [35]
92 Voice broadcast This TS relates to the capability to receive a voice
broadcast as specified in GSM TS 03.68 [35]
Table 1.2 Bearer services
Tele service Description Comment
20 Asynchronous data
bearer services
May be used for asynchronous services from 300 bit/s
to 64 kbit/s.
30 Synchronous data
bearer services
May be used for synchronous services from 1.2 to
64 kbit/s. This BS may be used, amongst other things,
for multimedia services such as video telephony.4
MSC
ISUP
(ITU-T Q.763)
DTAP
(GSM TS 04.08)
Low layer compatibility
High layer compatibility
Bearer capability
Access transport [low layer compatibility]
User teleservice information
User service information
Figure 1.8 Transfer of LLC, HLC and BC through DTAP and ISUP
• Low-layer compatibility – the LLC is transported transparently between the calling entity and
called entity; it may be used by the respective entities to adapt codecs for interworking purposes.
LLC describes mainly characteristics related to the data transfer.
4 3GPP Rel-7 may include a dedicated bearer service for video telephony.


High-layer compatibility – the HLC is also transported transparently between the calling entity
and called entity; it is used to describe the requested service, such as telephony, Fax, video
telephony, etc.
• Bearer capability – the BC describes the characteristics of the 64 kbit/s circuit requested for
the call.
1.6 Supplementary Services
Supplementary services (SS) in GSM are a means of enriching the user experience. An SS may,
for example, forward a call in the case of no reply from the called party, bar certain outgoing or
incoming calls, show the number of the calling party to the called party, etc. In order to use an
SS, a GSM user needs a subscription to that SS. The subscription to supplementary services is
contained in the HLR and is sent to the MSC/VLR during registration. The supplementary services
are fully standardized. A GSM subscriber can therefore use her supplementary services in any GSM
network, provided that the network supports these supplementary services, and have the same user
experience.
Table 1.3 GSM supplementary services
SS group Supplementary services GSM TS
Line identification Calling line identification presentation (CLIP) 02.81 [13]
Calling line identification restriction (CLIR)
Connected line presentation (COLP)
Connected line restriction (COLR)
Name identification Calling name presentation (CNAP) 02.96 [24]
Call forwarding Call forwarding – unconditional (CFU) 02.82 [14],
Call forwarding – busy (CFB)
Call forwarding – no reply (CFNRY)
Call forwarding – not reachable (CFNRC)
Call deflection (CD) 02.72 [11]
Call offering Explicit call transfer (ECT) 02.91 [22]
Call completion Call waiting (CW) 02.83 [15],
Call hold (CH)
Call completion to busy subscriber (CCBS) 02.93 [23],
Multi-call (MC) 22.135 [69]a
Multi-party Multi-party call (MPTY) 02.84 [16]
Community of interest Closed user group (CUG) 02.85 [17]
Charging Advice of charge – information (AOCI) 02.86 [18]
Advice of charge – charge (AOCC)
Additional information transfer User-to-user signalling – service 1 (UUS1) 02.87 [19]
User-to-user signalling – service 2 (UUS2)
User-to-user signalling – service 3 (UUS3)
Call barring Barring of all outgoing calls (BAOC) 02.88 [20]
Barring of outgoing international calls (BOIC)
Barring of outgoing international calls except to the
home country (BOIC-exHc)
Barring of all incoming calls (BAIC)
Barring of all incoming calls when roaming
(BICROAM)
Call priority enhanced multi-level precedence and pre-emption
(eMLPP)
02.67 [10]

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Identifiers in the GSM Network

GSM uses several identifiers for the routing of calls, identifying subscribers (e.g. for charging),
locating the HLR, identifying equipment, etc. Some of these identifiers play an important role for
CAMEL.
1.4.1 International Mobile Subscriber Identity
The international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) is embedded on the SIM card and is used to
identify a subscriber. The IMSI is also contained in the subscription data in the HLR. The IMSI is
used for identifying a subscriber for various processes in the GSM network. Some of these are:

location update – when attaching to a network, the MS reports the IMSI to the MSC, which uses
the IMSI to derive the global title (GT) of the HLR associated with the subscriber;
• terminating call – when the GSM network handles a call to a GSM subscriber, the HLR uses
the IMSI to identify the subscriber in the MSC/VLR, to start a process for delivering the call to
that subscriber in that MSC/VLR.
• roaming charging – a VPLMN uses the IMSI to send billing records to the HPLMN of
a subscriber.
Figure 1.4 shows the format of the IMSI.
• mobile country code (MCC) – the MCC identifies the country for mobile networks. The MCC is
not used for call establishment. The usage of MCC is defined in ITU-T E.212 [129]. The MCC
values are allocated and published by the ITU-T.
• mobile network code (MNC) – the MNC identifies the mobile network within a mobile country
(as identified by MCC). MCC and MNC together identify a PLMN. Refer to ITU-T E.212 [129]
for MNC usage. The MNC may be two or three digits in length. Common practice is that, within
a country (as identified by MCC), all MNCs are either two or three digits.
• mobile subscriber identification number (MSIN) – the MSIN is the subscriber identifier within
a PLMN.
The IMSI is reported to the SCP during CAMEL service invocation. The IMSI may be needed,
for example, when identifying a country; countries in North America have equal country code
(country code = 1), but different MCC (e.g. Canada = 303; Mexico = 334).
1.4.2 Mobile Station Integrated Services Digital Network Number (MSISDN Number)
The MSISDN is used to identify the subscriber when, among other things, establishing a call to that
subscriber or sending an SMS to that subscriber. Hence, the MSISDN is used for routing purposes.

Figure 1.5 shows the structure of the MSISDN.
• country code (CC) – the CC identifies the country or group of countries of the subscriber;
• national destination code (NDC) – each PLMN in a country has one or more NDCs allocated to
it; the NDC may be used to route a call to the appropriate network;
• subscriber number (SN) – the SN identifies the subscriber within the number plan of a PLMN.

The MSISDN is not stored on the subscriber’s SIM card and is normally not available in the
MS.2 The MSISDN is provisioned in the HLR, as part of the subscriber’s profile, and is sent to
MSC during registration. The MSISDN is also reported to SCP when a CAMEL service is invoked.
One subscriber may have multiple MSISDNs. These MSISDNs are provisioned in the HLR. At
any one moment, only a single MSISDN is available in the MSC/VLR for the subscriber.
1.4.3 International Mobile Equipment Identifier

The international mobile equipment identifier (IMEI) is used to identify the ME [or user equipment
(UE) in UMTS network]. Each ME has a unique IMEI. The IMEI is hard-coded in the ME and
cannot be modified. Figure 1.6 shows the structure of the IMEI. The IMEI is not used for routing
or subscriber identification.

Refer to GSM TS 03.03 [27] for the type approval code (TAC), final assembly code (FAC)
and serial number (SNR). The software version (SV) may be included in the IMEI (‘IMEISV’) to
indicate the version of software embedded in the ME. The IMEI is always encoded as an eight-octet
string. As from CAMEL Phase 4, the IMEI(SV) may be reported to the SCP.

1.4.4 Mobile Station Roaming Number
The mobile station roaming number (MSRN) is used in the GSM network for routing a call to a
MS. The need for the MSRN stems from the fact that the MSISDN identifies a subscriber, but not
the current location of that subscriber in a telecommunications network. The MSRN is allocated to
a subscriber during MT call handling and is released when the call to that subscriber is established.
Each MSC in a PLMN has a (limited) range of MSRNs allocated to it. An MSRN may be allocated
to any subscriber registered in that MSC. The MSRN has the form of an E.164 number and can
be used by the GMSC for establishing a call to a GSM subscriber. An MSRN is part of a GSM
operator’s number plan. The MSRN indicates the GSM network a subscriber is registered in, but
not the GSM network the subscriber belongs to. Figure 1.7 shows how the MSRN is used for call
routing. The MSRN is not meant for call initiation. GSM operators may configure their MSC such
that subscribers cannot dial numbers that fall within the MSRN range of that operator.

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Mobile Station

The MS, i.e. the GSM handset, is logically built up from the following components:
• mobile equipment (ME) – this is the GSM terminal, excluding the SIM card;
• subscriber identification module (SIM) – this is the chip embedded in the SIM card that identifies
a subscriber of a GSM network; the SIM is embedded in the SIM card. When the SIM card is
inserted in the ME, the subscriber may register with a GSM network. The ME is now effectively
personalized for this GSM subscriber; see Figure 1.3. The characteristics of the SIM are specified
in GSM TS 11.11. The SIM card contains information such as IMSI, advice of charge parameters,
operator-specific emergency number, etc. For the UMTS network an enhanced SIM is specified,
the universal subscriber identity module (USIM); refer 3GPP TS 31.102.

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GSM Mobility

Roaming with GSM is made possible through the separation of switching capability and subscription
data. A GSM subscriber has her subscription data, including CAMEL data, permanently registered
in the HLR in her HPLMN. The GSM operator is responsible for provisioning this data in the HLR.

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Signalling in GSM

The various entities in the GSM network are connected to one another through signalling networks.
Signalling is used for example, for subscriber mobility, subscriber registration, call establishment,
etc. The connections to the various entities are known as ‘reference points’. Examples include:

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PLMN,HPLMN,VPLMN,IPLMN,

Home PLMN (HPLMN) – the HPLMN is the GSM network that a GSM user is a subscriber of.
That implies that GSM user’s subscription data resides in the HLR in that PLMN. The HLR
may transfer the subscription data to a VLR (during registration in a PLMN) or a GMSC (during
mobile terminating call handling). The HPLMN may also contain various service nodes, such as
a short message service centre (SMSC), service control point (SCP), etc.


• Visited PLMN (VPLMN) – the VPLMN is the GSM network where a subscriber is currently
registered. The subscriber may be registered in her HPLMN or in another PLMN. In the latter
case, the subscriber is outbound roaming (from HPLMN’s perspective) and inbound roaming
(from VPLMN’s perspective). When the subscriber is currently registered in her HPLMN, then
the HPLMN is at the same time VPLMN.1


• Interrogating PLMN (IPLMN) – the IPLMN is the PLMN containing the GMSC that handles
mobile terminating (MT) calls. MT calls are always handled by a GMSC in the PLMN, regardless
of the origin of the call. For most operators, MT call handling is done by a GMSC in the HPLMN;
in that case, the HPLMN is at the same time IPLMN. This implies that calls destined for a GSM
subscriber are always routed to the HPLMN of that GSM subscriber. Once the call has arrived in
the HPLMN, the HPLMN acts as IPLMN. MT call handling will be described in more detail in
subsequent sections. When basic optimal routing (BOR) is applied, the IPLMN is not the same
PLMN as the HPLMN.

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Msc,Ran,vlr,gmsc,hlr,cn,auc,bss,ms introduction

MSC – the mobile service switching centre (MSC) is the core switching entity in the network.
The MSC is connected to the radio access network (RAN);

the RAN is formed by the BSCs and
BTSs within the Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). Users of the GSM network are registered
with an MSC; all calls to and from the user are controlled by the MSC. A GSM network has
one or more MSCs, geographically distributed.

• VLR – the visitor location register (VLR) contains subscriber data for subscribers registered in
an MSC. Every MSC contains a VLR. Although MSC and VLR are individually addressable,
they are always contained in one integrated node
.
• GMSC – the gateway MSC (GMSC) is the switching entity that controls mobile terminating
calls. When a call is established towards a GSM subscriber, a GMSC contacts the HLR of that
subscriber, to obtain the address of the MSC where that subscriber is currently registered. That
MSC address is used to route the call to that subscriber.

• HLR – the home location register (HLR) is the database that contains a subscription record for
each subscriber of the network. A GSM subscriber is normally associated with one particular
HLR. The HLR is responsible for the sending of subscription data to the VLR (during registration)
or GMSC (during mobile terminating call handling).

• CN – the core network (CN) consists of, amongst other things, MSC(s), GMSC(s) and HLR(s).
These entities are the main components for call handling and subscriber management. Other
main entities in the CN are the equipment identification register (EIR) and authentication centre
(AUC). CAMEL has no interaction with the EIR and AUC; hence EIR and AUC are not further
discussed.

• BSS – the base station system (BSS) is composed of one or more base station controllers (BSC)
and one or more base transceiver stations (BTS). The BTS contains one or more transceivers
(TRX). The TRX is responsible for radio signal transmission and reception. BTS and BSC are
connected through the Abis interface. The BSS is connected to the MSC through the A interface.

• MS – the mobile station (MS) is the GSM handset. The structure of the MS will be described in
more detail in a next section.
A GSM network is a public land mobile network (PLMN). Other types of PLMN are the time
division multiple access (TDMA) network or code division multiple access (CDMA) network. GSM
uses the following sub-division of the PLMN:

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MSC

• MSC – the mobile service switching centre (MSC) is the core switching entity in the network.
The MSC is connected to the radio access network (RAN);

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Mobile Wireless Home Agent Feature for IOS

This chapter discusses concepts related to Quality of Service on the Cisco Mobile Wireless Home Agent,
and provides details about how to configure this feature.
This chapter includes the following sections:

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Selective FA Revocation

In a 3GPP2 environment, when a subscriber roams between their service provider’s network and anotherpartner service provider’s network, the PDSN gateway sends a Resource Revocation message to theHome Agent to remove the subscriber. This causes timing problems, so Selective FA Revocation

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